Bothrops Moojeni Snake Venom: A Source of Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Hemostatic Disorders

Abstract Hemostasis is a complex set of biological processes responsible for blood fluidity within normal vessels and for the physiological interruption of bleeding in cases of vascular injury. Bothrops moojeni snake venom is rich in bioactive compounds of pharmacological and clinical interest since its protein components are capable of interfering with many points of the hemostatic process. Here, we present the B. moojeni venom proteins that affect hemostasis and discuss their pharmacological and clinical potential. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Data were obtained from the CAPES Journal Portal database, using the terms "Bothrops" AND "hemostasis", in a search for scientific articles made available in the last 20 years. Many components isolated from B. moojeni snake venom are characterized for their effect on hemostasis and possible application in the diagnosis and treatment of hemostatic disorders.

Evaluación preoperatoria de la hemostasia en cirugía mayor electiva / Preoperative evaluation of hemostasis in elective major surgery

Resumen: Introducción: Las pruebas de coagulación carecen de valor para determinar el riesgo de sangrado perioperatorio. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, y transversal en 2,114 pacientes en la consulta de Anestesiología del Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau¼, los resultados se evaluaron mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El tiempo de coagulación y sangrado se realizó en 100% de los casos y el conteo de plaquetas en 93.99%, mientras que el tiempo de protrombina y tiempo de tromboplastina parcial activado se efectuó en 66.27 y 55.62% de los casos respectivamente. De 8.834 exámenes realizados se encontraron 49 alterados en 0.55%. Los pacientes con exámenes alterados fueron 33 en 1.56%, los enfermos en riesgo de sangrado por exámenes de coagulación fueron 30 en 1.42% y los pacientes en riesgo sin antecedentes de sangrados detectados por exámenes de coagulación fueron tres en 0.14%. Se reportó sangrado perioperatorio en 16 pacientes en 0.76%, siete pacientes con interrogatorio positivo y exámenes normales y nueve pacientes con interrogatorio negativo y exámenes normales. Conclusiones: La historia clínica y el examen físico del paciente son las mejores herramientas para predecir el riesgo de sangrado quirúrgico y los exámenes aislados de coagulación no constituyen un buen predictor del sangrado perioperatorio.

Abstract: Introduction: Coagulation tests are no value to determine the risk of perioperative bleeding. Material and methods: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2,114 patients in the anesthesiology consultation of the University Hospital «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau¼. Results: The clotting and bleeding time was performed in 100% of cases, the platels count in 93.99%. While the prothrombin time and activated partial tromboplastin time were performed in 66.27 and 55.62% respectively. Of 8,834 tests carried out, 49 were found to be altered for 0.55%. Patients with altered tests were for 1.56%, patients at risk of bleeding from coagulation tests were 30 for 1.42% and patients at risk with no history of bleeding detected by coagulation tests were three for 0.14%. Perioperative bleeding was reported in 16 patients for 0.76%, seven patients with positive questioning and normal tests and nine patients with negative questioning and normal tests. Conclusions: The patient's medical history and physical examination are the best tools to predict the risk of surgical bleeding and isolated coagulation tests do not constitute a good predictor of perioperative bleeding.

Hemostasia en cirugía funcional endoscópica (CEF): Revisión de las recomendaciones de la literatura internacional

El manejo del sangrado en CEF es fundamental, ya que aumenta la tasa de complicaciones. El principal objetivo del manejo perioperatorio es lograr una buena hemostasia, es por esto que se realizó una revisión de las principales recomendaciones de la literatura internacional, que incluye medidas preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y postoperatorias.

Bleeding is an important factor in FESS since it increases the rate of complications. The main objective of perioperative management is to achieve good hemostasis. This is a review of the main recommendations of the international literature, that includes preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative measures.

An In-vitro Study of the Effect of Hydroethanol Extract of Annona senegalensis Leaves on Bitis rhinoceros (Viperidae) Venom Induced Coagulopathy

Bites of Bitis Rhinoceros (Viperidae) usually cause a hemorrhagic syndrome in the victims. This is a medical emergency. Antivenom immunotherapy remains effective. However, its availability and cost still limiting its use in Africa in general and in Côte d'Ivoire particularly. The roots of a plant of the Annonaceae family (Annona senegalensis) are used in Côte d'Ivoire to treat cases of envenomations by Viperidae. The objective of this work is to study the modulation of the effect of Bitis rhinoceros venom on coagulation parameters by the hydroethanol extract of Annona senegalensis leaves. The phytochemical study of the plant was carried out by monitoring effect of the venom on three blood coagulation parameters (PT, APTT, Fibrinogen) from healthy individuals in the presence and absence of the hydro-ethanolic extract. Phytochemistry revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, and polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids in this plant. The study of the effect of the venom showed that at the concentration of 10-2 mg/mL the venom of Bitis rhinoceros modifies some coagulation parameters by the decrease of half of the prothrombin rate, the increase of the coagulation time. It has no effect on the fibrinogen level. The effect of this venom is inhibited by 1 mg/mL of the hydroethanol extract. The leaves of Annona senegalensis contain molecules that could neutralize the action of the venom in the coagulation disorder.

Strategy of the diagnosis and treatment for epistaxis and guideline for clinical application of MasterPillar / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Epistaxis is a common otorhinolaryngological emergency with complex etiological factors and varied clinical manifestations. The key to epistaxis treatment is accurate diagnosis and adequate hemostasis. Electrocoagulation is a reliable, safe and effective treatment for epistaxis. However, there are still several deficiencies in application of the commonly used electrocoagulation surgical products. This paper introduces a new type of radiofrequency head incorporating the dynamic circulatory functions of drip, irrigation, hemostasis and aspiration. We aim to achieve noninvasive, effective and accurate hemostasis in the treatment of epistaxis or nasal sinus surgery.

Diagnóstico de la enfermedad de von Willebrand / Diagnosis of von Willebrand disease

La enfermedad de von Willebrand (EVW) es el trastorno hemorrágico hereditario más común, y se caracteriza por presentar disminución de la capacidad del factor von Willebrand (FVW) de unirse a las plaquetas y al colágeno de la matriz extracelular durante la hemostasia primaria, debido a defectos cuantitativos o cualitativos. La EVW se clasifica en tres fenotipos principales: el 1 y el 3 que son trastornos cuantitativos, y el 2 que se subclasifica en 2A, 2B, 2M y 2N, y refleja los trastornos cualitativos. Para su diagnóstico son necesarios varios pasos: 1) la evaluación del historial de sangrado personal y familiar del paciente, 2) detección inicial de trastornos hemorrágicos, 3) pruebas para la detección de la EVW, 4) pruebas para la tipificación de la EVW, y 5) el análisis molecular. Tanto la subclasificación de la EVW como su diagnóstico continúan planteando desafíos importantes, motivo por el cual se realiza esta revisión, de manera que los profesionales de la salud tengan una guía que los oriente al momento de tener pacientes con algún trastorno hemorrágico que amerite descartar una EVW e implementar un tratamiento adecuado

von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder, and is characterized by a decreased ability of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) to bind to platelets and extracellular matrix collagen during primary hemostasis, due to quantitative or qualitative defects. VWD is classified into three main phenotypes: 1 and 3, which are quantitative disorders, and 2 (2A, 2B, 2M and 2N) that reflects qualitative disorders. Several steps are necessary for its diagnosis: 1) evaluation of the patient's personal and family bleeding history, 2) initial screening tests for bleeding disorders, 3) tests for the detection of VWD, 4) tests for the classification of VWD, and 5) molecular analysis. Both the subclassification of VWD and its diagnosis continue to represent important challenges, which we aimed to describe in this review, so that health professionals have a guide to assist them when they have patients with a bleeding disorder that requires exclusion of VWD, and implementation of an appropriate treatment.

Low-cost simulator for intra-abdominal bleeding / Simulador de baixo custo para sangramento intra-abdominal

ABSTRACT Background: training in critical surgical situations is crucial for a safe outcome. The use of simulators is well established, although many are quite expensive, requiring the search for financially viable solutions for training centers. Methods: we built a low-cost simulator for intra-abdominal bleeding with inexpensive materials, such as a manikin chest, latex tubes, silicone rubber, and waterproof fabric, seeking to mimic the abdominal viscera and vessels and their anatomical correlations. An IV infusion set allowed simulated blood to flow under pressure, and the blood flowed freely during simulation. After obtaining a functional model, we selected general surgeons to validate the simulator and its use in teaching surgery. We used the content validity index (CVI), with a cutoff of 0.9. Results: the cost of building the prototype was US$71,00 in 2021, accounting for the purchase of the various necessary materials. Twelve raters participated in the validation tests. The results obtained from the feedback survey showed a good evaluation of all items, especially the recognition of the injured vessel, access to the vascular injury, hemostasis by manual compression, and hemostatic suturing. Conclusion: the proposed simulator obtained good results in scenarios of intra-abdominal bleeding from large vessels, as well as for hemostasis by manual compression and suturing. It proved to be a useful tool for training in critical intra- abdominal bleeding situations, while maintaining a low cost of building.

RESUMO Introdução: o treinamento em situações críticas em Cirurgia é determinante para o desfecho seguro. O uso de simuladores é bastante consolidado, embora muitos apresentem custos muito elevados, sendo necessária a busca de soluções financeiramente viáveis para os centros de treinamento. Métodos: construímos um simulador de sangramento intra-abdominal de baixo custo com materiais simples como tronco de manequim, tubos de látex, borracha de silicone e tecido impermeável, buscando representar vísceras abdominais e vasos e suas correlações anatômicas. Um sistema de tubos e equipos de soro permitiu o fluxo, sob pressão, de sangue simulado, que vertia livremente durante a simulação. Após a obtenção de modelo funcional, selecionamos cirurgiões gerais para a validação do simulador e seu uso no ensino de Cirurgia. Utilizamos o Índice de Validação de Concordância (IVC), com corte de 0,9. Resultados: a construção do protótipo resultou em gasto de US$71,00 em valores de 2021, destinados à aquisição dos diversos materiais necessários. Doze avaliadores participaram dos testes de validação. Os resultados obtidos dos questionários demonstraram uma boa avaliação em todos os itens, destacando-se o reconhecimento do vaso traumatizado, o acesso à lesão vascular, o controle hemostático por pressão direta assim como por sutura direta da lesão. Conclusão: o simulador proposto obteve bons resultados em cenários de sangramento abdominal de grandes vasos, assim como o controle hemostático do mesmo por pressão direta e sutura. Mostrou-se ferramenta útil para a adaptação a situações de estresse no treinamento em sangramentos intra-abdominais, além de manter baixo custo de construção.

Avaliação dos efeitos do curativo compressivo após procedimentos intervencionistas por via radial / Evaluation of the effects of compressive dressing after interventional procedures via radial approach

Introdução: Dispositivos externos compressivos após a punção radial para cateterismo cardíaco e intervenção coronária percutânea visam à hemostasia, ao conforto para o paciente e à segurança. O estudo objetivou avaliar pacientes submetidos a procedimentos coronários invasivos por via radial, nos quais se utilizou um curativo compressivo e de baixo custo, desenvolvido no serviço, avaliando a segurança dele e a ocorrência de complicações. Métodos: Indivíduos submetidos à coronariografia e à intervenção coronária percutânea, avaliados no momento de retirada do curativo compressivo e após 7 dias, por meio de questionário abrangendo comorbidades, quadro clínico, tempo do procedimento e de compressão, avaliação física de hematoma e dor, e Doppler vascular sonoro para avaliação de oclusão da artéria radial. Resultados: Foram avaliados 144 pacientes, sendo 138 com seguimento em 7 dias. Os eventos não diferiram entre procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Na avaliação imediata à retirada do curativo, revelou-se incidência de 4,2% de oclusão da artéria radial, com dor referida em 23,6% dos pacientes, graduada em 2,9±1,7 pela Escala Visual Analógica (intensidade de zero a dez) e sem sangramentos graves. Hematoma ocorreu em um paciente (0,9%), com classificação III pelo critério EASY. Na avaliação de 7 dias, a incidência de oclusão da artéria radial foi de 2,2%, a dor foi referida em 11,1% da amostra (intensidade 1,8±0,8), e o hematoma foi evidenciado em 3,5%. Conclusão: O curativo compressivo mostrou-se um procedimento seguro, com baixa taxa de complicações e baixa taxa de dor local nos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos coronários invasivos pela via radial.

Background: External compressive devices after radial puncture for cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention aim at hemostasis, patient comfort, and safety. The objective of the study was to evaluate patients undergoing invasive coronary procedures by radial approach, in which a low-cost compressive dressing developed at the service was used, assessing its safety and the occurrence of complications. Methods: Patients undergoing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention, evaluated at the time of removal of compressive dressing and after 7 days, by means of a questionnaire addressing comorbidities, clinical picture, procedure and compression time, physical assessment of hematoma and pain, and a vascular Doppler ultrasound to evaluate radial artery occlusion. Results: A total of 144 patients were evaluated, 138 of whom were followed up within 7 days. Events did not differ among diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In the immediate evaluation after removal of dressing, an incidence of 4.2% of radial artery occlusion was observed, with pain reported by 23.6% of patients, graded at 2.9±1.7 points in the Visual Analogue Scale (intensity of zero to ten), and no major bleeding. Hematoma occurred in one patient (0.9%), classified as type III according to the EASY criteria. In the 7-day evaluation, the incidence of radial artery occlusion was 2.2%, pain was reported in 11.1% of sample (intensity 1.8±0.8), and hematoma was evident in 3.5%. Conclusion: The compressive dressing proved to be a safe procedure, with a low rate of complications and a low rate of local pain in patients undergoing invasive coronary procedures via radial approach.

Puesta al día sobre transfusión masiva / Massive transfusion update / Atualização sobre transfusão maciça

La transfusión masiva plantea desafíos clínicos, organizacionales y logísticos para el personal de la salud en general y los servicios de Medicina Transfusional en particular. No existe una definición universalmente aceptada de transfusión masiva, las definiciones más comúnmente utilizadas se basan en el número de unidades de sangre administradas dentro de un cierto período de tiempo. La mayoría de los eventos de transfusión masiva ocurren en el contexto de hemorragias graves en pacientes quirúrgicos, politraumatizados, con hemorragia gastrointestinal u obstétrica. La reanimación de control de daños y los protocolos de transfusión masiva son las estrategias más utilizadas actualmente para el tratamiento inicial, seguidas de un tratamiento personalizado, dirigido por objetivos, mediante la monitorización de la coagulación en tiempo real mediante estudios viscoelásticos. Existen una serie de controversias alrededor del tratamiento óptimo, incluyendo el uso de sangre total, la relación de hemocomponentes a utilizar, el uso de concentrados de factores de la coagulación, y la indicación óptima del ácido tranexámico. El estudio de los productos ideales para el tratamiento de los pacientes con sangrado masivo se ha convertido en un área de gran interés de la investigación científica. El contexto clínico en el que ocurrió el evento hemorrágico, el número de hemocomponentes transfundidos, la edad del paciente y las comorbilidades son los predictores más importantes de la sobrevida a corto y largo plazo. Esta revisión narrativa explora el estado actual del conocimiento sobre la transfusión masiva, así como los avances que podemos esperar en el futuro cercano.

Massive transfusion poses clinical, organizational and logistic challenges for the health staff in general, and the Transfusion Medicine Services in particular. There is no universally accepted definition for massive transfusion, the most widely used being based on the number of blood units administered in a certain period of time. Most massive transfusion events occur in the context of severe hemorrhage on surgical or multiple-trauma patients or patients with gastrointestinal or obstetric bleeding. Today, damage control resuscitation and massive transfusion protocols are the most common strategies for initial treatment, followed by personalized therapy, goal-directed, my means of monitoring coagulation in real time with viscoelastic studies. There are disputes as to the best surgical treatment, including using whole blood, the relation of blood components to be used, the use of coagulation factor concentrates and the optimal indication of tranexamic acid. The study of ideal products to treat patients with massive hemorrhage has become an area of great interest for scientific research. The clinical context of the hemorrhagic event, the number of blood components transfused, patient's age and comorbilities are the most important predictors for survival in the short and long term. This narrative review explores the current state of affairs on knowledge about massive transfusion, as well as progress to be expected in the near future.

A transfusão maciça apresenta desafios clínicos, organizacionais e logísticos para o pessoal de saúde em geral e para os serviços de Medicina Transfusional em particular. Não existe uma definição universalmente aceita de transfusão maciça; as definições mais comumente usadas são baseadas no número de unidades de sangue administradas em um determinado período de tempo. A maioria dos eventos de transfusão maciça ocorre no contexto de sangramento maior em pacientes cirúrgicos, politraumatizados, com sangramento gastrointestinal ou obstétrico. Atualmente, a ressuscitação para controle de danos e os protocolos de transfusão maciça são as estratégias mais usadas para o tratamento inicial, seguidos por tratamento personalizado e orientado por objetivos usando monitoramento de coagulação em tempo real usando testes viscoelásticos. Há uma série de controvérsias em torno do tratamento ideal, incluindo o uso de sangue total, a proporção de componentes sanguíneos a serem usados, o uso de concentrados de fator de coagulação e a indicação ideal de ácido tranexâmico. O estudo dos produtos ideais para o tratamento de pacientes com sangramento maciço tornou-se uma área de grande interesse na pesquisa científica. O contexto clínico em que ocorreu o evento hemorrágico, o número de hemocomponentes transfundidos, a idade do paciente e as comorbidades são os preditores mais importantes de sobrevida a curto e longo prazo. Esta revisão narrativa explora o estado atual do conhecimento sobre transfusão maciça, bem como os avanços que podemos esperar no futuro próximo.

Post-thoracotomy paraplegia after oxidized cellulose spinal compression

ABSTRACT Post-thoracotomy paraplegia after non-aortic surgery is an extremely uncommon complication. A 56-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of progressive shortness of breath. Computed tomography revealed a locally advanced posterior mediastinal mass involving the ribs and the left neural foramina. Tumor excision with a left pneumonectomy was performed. Post-resection, bleeding was noted in the vicinity of the T4-T5 vertebral body, and the bleeding point was packed with oxidized cellulose gauze (Surgicel®). Postoperatively, the patient complained of bilateral leg numbness extending up to the T5 level, with bilateral paraplegia. An urgent laminectomy was performed, and we noted that the spinal cord was compressed by two masses of Surgicel® with blood clots measuring 1.5 × 1.5cm at T4 and T5 levels. The paraplegia did not improve despite the removal of the mass, sufficient decompression, and aggressive postoperative physiotherapy. Surgeons operating in fields close to the intervertebral foramen should be aware of the possible threat to the adjacent spinal canal as helpful hemostatic agents can become a preventable threat.

Effects of hemoclips on preventing delayed bleeding for patients with early gastric cancer after endoscopic submucosal dissection / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effects of hemoclips on preventing delayed bleeding for early gastric cancer (EGC) after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).Methods:Clinical data of 459 patients who underwent ESD for EGC in Beijing Friendship Hospital from June 2013 to August 2020 were collected retrospectively. Patients were divided into group A (hemoclip group, n=162) and group B (non-hemoclip group, n=297) according to whether preventive hemostatic clip treatment was performed after resection. Delayed bleeding within 2 weeks after ESD was observed. Univariate analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted for the delayed bleeding incidence and clinicopathological features. Results:Delayed bleeding incidences of group A and group B were 3.1% (5/162) and 8.1% (24/297) with significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=4.418, P=0.036). Subgroup analysis showed that there were significant differences in the delayed bleeding incidence between the two groups when the diameter of the tumor >20 mm [3.5% (2/57) VS 15.3% (13/85), χ2=5.016, P=0.025], the tumor located in the lower part of the stomach [1.0% (1/97) VS 10.4% (20/192), χ2=8.425, P=0.004], and the depth of tumor invasion was M/SM1 [3.2% (5/157) VS 8.1% (23/285), χ2=4.072, P=0.044]. There were no significant differences in the delayed bleeding incidence between group A and group B when the diameter of the tumor ≤20 mm, the tumor located in the upper/medial part of the stomach and the depth of tumor invasion was SM2 ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Hemoclips can prevent delayed bleeding after ESD for EGC, which is mainly observed in a tumor of diameter >20 mm, located in the lower part of the stomach and M/SM1 tumor invasion. It has little effect on the prevention when the tumor diameter ≤20 mm and located in the upper/medial part of the stomach.

Research progress in protein-based hydrogels for promotion of hemostasis and wound healing / 中华创伤杂志

Rapid and effective hemostasis and wound healing are essential for life saving and improved quality of life. At present, traditional materials for hemostasis and wound healing have limited effects, with limitations such as unsatisfactory tissue adhesion effect, immunogenicity, secondary damage and infection risk, so it is urgent to develop new and efficient materials. Protein-based hydrogels have attracted more and more attention in the field of hemostasis and wound healing because of their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, injectability, adjustable mechanical properties and wet bonding. The authors review the definition of protein-based hydrogels and the research progress in various protein-based hydrogels in promotion of hemostasis and wound healing, in order to provide a reference for the application of protein-based hydrogels in wound repair.

The effect of local compression time at the puncture site on bleeding after ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To Explore the value of prolonging compression hemostasis time in reducing bleeding related complications after ultrasound guided percutaneous renal biopsy.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 405 patients who underwent ultrasound guided percutaneous renal biopsy at the Guangzhou First People′s Hospital. Three groups were divided based on whether to immediately compress and stop bleeding after renal biopsy and the compression time. The group A was treated with no compression and stop bleeding, the group B was treated with compression and stop bleeding for 2 minutes, and the group C was treated with compression and stop bleeding for 5 minutes. The patient′s gender, age, preoperative blood pressure, coagulation, hemoglobin, platelets, and other indicators were recorded. The number of punctures and the immediate postoperative perirenal hematoma and bleeding at the puncture site were recorded. The perirenal hematoma and gross hematuria were re-examined 24 hours after surgery.Results:Compared with the group A and the group B, the incidence of postoperative bleeding related complications in the group C was lower. The incidence of perirenal hematoma 24 hours after surgery in the group A was 62.09%, the group B was 62.50%, and the group C was 44.09%, with a statistically significant difference ( P=0.003); The incidence of gross hematuria 24 hours after surgery in the group A was 8.79%, the group B was 7.29%, and the group C was 1.57%, with a statistically significant difference ( P=0.030). The incidence of immediate postoperative perirenal hematoma in the group A was 52.20%, 53.12% in the group B, and 38.58% in the group C, with a statistically significant difference ( P=0.033). Conclusions:Immediate compression hemostasis for 5 minutes after ultrasound guided percutaneous renal biopsy can effectively reduce postoperative perirenal hematoma and gross hematuria, alleviate postoperative pain, shorten bed rest time, and improve surgical safety.

Manejo del paciente anticoagulado en una cirugía dental / Management of the anticoagulated patient in dental surgery / Gerenciamento do paciente anticoagulado em cirurgia odontológica

Introducción: una adecuada hemostasia es crucial para el éxito del tratamiento odontológico invasivo, ya que los problemas de sangrado pueden dar lugar a complicaciones asociadas a una importante morbimortalidad. El tratamiento odontológico de pacientes que tienden a un mayor riesgo de sangrado debido al uso de fármacos anticoagulantes plantea un desafío en la práctica diaria de los profesionales de la odontología. El conocimiento adecuado de los mecanismos subyacentes a la hemostasia y el manejo optimizado de estos pacientes son, por lo tanto, cuestiones muy importantes. Se realiza un estudio de los fármacos anticoagulantes actualmente disponibles en el mercado, evaluando los riesgos y beneficios de suspender dicho fármaco previo a un tratamiento odontológico invasivo. Además, se hace una revisión de los protocolos de manejo actuales que se utilizan en estos pacientes. Material y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Epistemonikos y Medline/PubMed; en el portal Timbó y en la biblioteca virtual Scielo. Abarcando todos los estudios publicados en los últimos 15 años en inglés y español. Se encontraron 30 artículos, se seleccionaron 15 en primera instancia para finalizar con 11 artículos. En dicha selección el filtro fue que los demás artículos se referían a otros anticoagulantes que no eran parte de este trabajo. Resultados: se han desarrollado múltiples protocolos de manejo, aunque en todos los casos se requiere una historia clínica completa, junto con pruebas hemostáticas complementarias para minimizar los riesgos derivados del tratamiento odontológico. Discusión: muchos autores consideran que la medicación de los pacientes indicada para el tratamiento de una enfermedad de base no debe ser alterada o suspendida a menos que así lo indique el médico prescriptor. Se ha demostrado que las medidas hemostáticas locales son suficientes para controlar los posibles problemas de sangrado derivados del tratamiento dental.

Introduction: Adequate hemostasis is crucial for the success of invasive dental treatment, since bleeding problems can lead to complications associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The dental treatment of patients who are prone to an increased risk of bleeding due to the use of anticoagulant drugs poses a challenge in the daily practice of dental professionals. Adequate knowledge of the mechanisms underlying hemostasis and optimized management of these patients are therefore very important issues. A review is made of the anticoagulant drugs currently available on the market, evaluating the risks and benefits of suspending such a drug prior to invasive dental treatment. In addition, a review is made of the current management protocols used in these patients. Material and methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the Epistemonikos and Medline/PubMed databases; in the Timbo portal and in the Scielo virtual library. All the studies published in the last 15 years in English and Spanish were included. Thirty articles were found, 15 were selected in the first instance to end up with 11 articles. In this selection, the filter was that the other articles referred to other anticoagulants that were not part of this work. Results: multiple management protocols have been developed, although in all cases a complete clinical history is required, together with complementary hemostatic tests to minimize the risks derived from dental treatment. Discussion: many authors consider that the patient's medication indicated for the treatment of an underlying disease should not be altered or suspended unless so indicated by the prescribing physician. It has been shown that local hemostatic measures are sufficient to control possible bleeding problems derived from dental treatment.

Introdução: A hemostasia adequada é crucial para o sucesso do tratamento dentário invasivo, pois problemas de sangramento podem levar a complicações associadas a uma morbidade e mortalidade significativas. O tratamento odontológico de pacientes que são propensos a um risco maior de sangramento devido ao uso de drogas anticoagulantes representa um desafio na prática diária dos profissionais da odontologia. O conhecimento adequado dos mecanismos subjacentes à hemostasia e o gerenciamento otimizado desses pacientes são, portanto, questões muito importantes. É realizada uma revisão dos anticoagulantes atualmente disponíveis no mercado, avaliando os riscos e benefícios de descontinuar tal medicamento antes do tratamento dentário invasivo. Além disso, é feita uma revisão dos protocolos de gerenciamento atuais usados nesses pacientes. Material e métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Epistemonikos e Medline/PubMed; no portal Timbo e na biblioteca virtual Scielo. Todos os estudos publicados nos últimos 15 anos, em inglês e espanhol, foram incluídos. Trinta artigos foram encontrados, 15 foram selecionados em primeira instância para acabar com 11 artigos. Nesta seleção, o filtro foi que os outros artigos se referiam a outros anticoagulantes que não faziam parte deste trabalho. Resultados: foram desenvolvidos múltiplos protocolos de gerenciamento, embora em todos os casos seja necessário um histórico clínico completo, juntamente com testes hemostáticos complementares para minimizar os riscos derivados do tratamento odontológico. Discussão: muitos autores consideram que a medicação os pacientes indicada para o tratamento de uma doença subjacente não deve ser alterada ou descontinuada, a menos que o médico que a prescreve dê instruções nesse sentido. Medidas hemostáticas locais demonstraram ser suficientes para controlar potenciais problemas de sangramento resultantes do tratamento odontológico.

Manejo de hemorragia posamigdalectomía en Chile / Treatment of post tonsillectomy bleeding in Chile

Resumen Introducción: La amigdalectomía es una de las cirugías más frecuentes en la población pediátrica. Aunque se considera una cirugía sencilla y segura, no está exenta de riesgos, siendo el principal la hemorragia posoperatoria. Objetivo: Evaluar el manejo de la hemorragia posamigdalectomía en otorrinolaringólogos en Chile. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo sobre la experiencia y manejo de hemorragias posamigdalectomía mediante una encuesta difundida a socios activos de la Sociedad Chilena de Otorrinolaringología, Medicina y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SOCHIORL). Resultados: Se recopilaron respuestas de 102 de los 348 socios. El 97% ha presentado esta complicación. La medida inicial ante una hemorragia tardía fuera de una unidad de otorrinolaringología es derivar al servicio de urgencias en el 88% de los casos. En urgencia, la indicación más frecuente es administrar ácido tranexámico endovenoso en un 80%. En el caso de hemorragia sin estigmas de sangrado actual, un 68% indica alta con control precoz. Si se evidencian coágulos en la fosa amigdalina, el 72% indica hospitalización para observación. Si se evidencia sangrado activo, el 94% indica hospitalización y revisión de hemostasia en pabellón. Conclusión: Los resultados a nivel nacional, según este estudio, son concordantes con la literatura mundial. El manejo en el servicio de urgencia se basa en la experiencia del tratante. Respecto a los distintos escenarios clínicos, se recomienda hospitalización en caso de evidenciar coágulos y manejo en pabellón en la presencia de sangrado activo. El manejo es variable en pacientes sin hallazgos al examen físico.

Abstract Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequent surgeries in the pediatric population. Although it is considered a simple and safe surgery, it has associated risks, the main one being postoperative bleeding. Aim: Evaluate the management of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in otorhinolaryngologists practicing in Chile. Material and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on the experience and management of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage through a survey distributed to active members of the Sociedad Chilena de Otorrinolaringología, Medicina y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SOCHIORL). Results: Responses were collected from 102 out of 348 active members, of which 97% have presented this complication. The initial measure in a late hemorrhage occurring outside of an otolaryngology unit is referral to the emergency department in 88% of cases. In the emergency room, the most frequent management is to administer intravenous tranexamic acid in 80%. In the case of hemorrhage without trace of current bleeding, 68% discharge with early control. If clots are evident in the tonsillar fossa, 72% admit for observation. If there is evidence of active bleeding, 94% admit and perform revision surgery. Conclusion: Results of this study are consistent with international literature. Management in the emergency department is based on the experience of the treating physician and different clinical scenarios. Hospitalization is recommended when clots are observed, revision surgery when evidence of active bleeding and, in patients with no findings at the moment of the evaluation, management is variable.

Accidente Lonómico: Reporte de dos casos / Lonomic accident: Report of two cases

Resumen Introducción: dentro de los insectos del orden lepidóptero, la familia Saturniidae tiene más de 2.400 especies, allí se encuentran Hylesia y Lonomia. Objetivo: presentar dos casos de pacientes con accidente lonómico, el manejo y desenlace para reconocer la importancia de estos eventos en las regiones silvestres de la Orinoquia colombiana. Casos clínicos: paciente de 8 años proveniente de área rural quien refería contacto en región palmar de mano derecha con gusanos quién 48 horas después de dicho contacto presentó equimosis en extremidades, flictena sangrante en talón derecho, cefalea, escalofríos y artralgias, además se evidenciaron tiempos de coagulación prolongados. Paciente de 13 años de características similares a las del caso previamente descrito sin presentar manifestaciones clínicas, pero que presentaba tiempos de coagulación prolongados. Se consideró que cursaba con accidente lonómico por lo que se aplicaron 5 ampollas de suero antilonómico polivalente a cada una sin registrar reacciones adversas. En ambos casos cursaron con evolución clínica adecuada con disminución a rangos de seguridad de tiempos de coagulación. Conclusiones: el veneno lonómico actúa en la cascada de coagulación produciendo manifestaciones hemorrágicas de gravedad variable. El suero antilonómico es el único tratamiento eficaz, a pesar de estar disponible desde hace más de 20 años en Brasil hay un 5% de progresión a síndromes hemorrágicos severos y un 1.5 a 2% de mortalidad. A pesar de tener gran relevancia clínica en las Américas existe subregistro, es importante conocer sus manifestaciones y el manejo para así poder evitar complicaciones mortales.

Abstract Background: among the insects of the order Lepidoptera, the family Saturniidae has more than 2,400 species, there are Hylesia and Lonomia. Objective: to present two cases of patients with lonomic accident, the management and outcome to recognize the importance of these events in the wild regions of the Colombian orinoquia. Clinical case: an 8-year-old patient from a rural area who refers to contact in the palmar region of the right hand with worms for more than 48 hours, presents ecchymosis in the extremities, bleeding flictena in the right heel, headache, chills and arthralgias. Clotting times are performed which are prolonged. A 13-year-old patient who also referred contact without presenting clinical manifestations but presenting prolonged clotting times. They are considered to occur due to a lonomic accident, so 5 ampoules of polyvalent antilonomic serum are administered to each one without registering adverse reactions. They have an adequate clinical evolution with a decrease in the safe ranges of clotting times. Conclusions: the lonomic venom acts in the coagulation cascade producing hemorrhagic manifestations of variable severity. Antilonomic serum is the only effective treatment, despite being available for more than 20 years in Brazil, there is a 5% progression to severe hemorrhagic syndromes and 1.5 to 2% mortality. Despite being of great clinical relevance in the Americas, there is an underreporting, it is important to know its manifestations and management in order to avoid fatal complications.

A STUDY OF PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH BLUNT ABDOMINAL INJURY WITH SPLENIC TRAUMA AND THEIR OUTCOME.

INTRODUCTION - Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. At present, they are classified according to the anatomy of the injury. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic derangement, and the associated injuries. The management of splenic trauma patients aims to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology with a multidisciplinary team. Thus, the study to determine the presentation of a patient and further its investigation management and outcome is necessary. OBJECTIVE: To study all the cases (investigation and outcome) of blunt abdominal trauma with splenic laceration with its incidence , mode of presentation, grade, management and factors responsible for morbidity and mortality. MATERIALAND METHODS:Astudy was conducted in our tertiary care hospital on 22 patients presented with blunt abdominal trauma with splenic injury in emergency department during July 2019 to June 2021. RESULTS: In our retrospective study , all the patients underwent primary radiological and pathological investigation with 36% having associated limb injuries (fractures);4.5% with ckd , 9% with thoracic injury, 40% amongst 20-40 age group , 86% being male, 59.5% resulted from RTA, 31.5 % resulted from fall from height,0% with assault, 4.5% along with head injury, 9% with associated rib fracture,0% patient with free gas under diaphragm ; 9% with grade 1, 22% with grade 2, 31.5% grade 3 , 13.5% grade 4, 22%grade 5 splenic injuries. 91% patients underwent splenectomy and were given vaccination 15 days post operatively against capsulated organisms.9% patients were managed conservatively. Patients were followed up for 6 months postoperatively with 4.5% mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Splenic injury is most common solid organ injury in blunt abdominal trauma in 20- 40 years age group majority male and results maximally by RTA; associated with limb fractures commonly with liver as associated solid organ injured. Aggressive resuscitation and emergency laparotomy (splenectomy) yields excellent outcome

Progress of rebalanced hemostasis and transfusion of blood products in pediatric acute liver failure / 中国小儿急救医学

Pediatric acute liver failure(PALF)is a severe liver damage caused by multiple factors, resulting in severe impairment of hepatic synthesis, excretion, detoxification and biotransformation.It was thought that PALF patients had coagulation disorders that predisposed them to bleeding.Now it is noted that due to the simultaneous reduction of anticoagulant and procoagulant factors, the body is in a state of rebalanced hemostasis.The risk of thrombosis is nearly equal to hemorrhage.Appropriate laboratory tests can better assess the coagulation status of children with PALF and guide appropriate blood product transfusions to improve coagulation and reduce the risk of transfusion-related fluid overload and other adverse prognosis.

Progress of rebalanced hemostasis and transfusion of blood products in pediatric acute liver failure / 中国小儿急救医学

Pediatric acute liver failure(PALF)is a severe liver damage caused by multiple factors, resulting in severe impairment of hepatic synthesis, excretion, detoxification and biotransformation.It was thought that PALF patients had coagulation disorders that predisposed them to bleeding.Now it is noted that due to the simultaneous reduction of anticoagulant and procoagulant factors, the body is in a state of rebalanced hemostasis.The risk of thrombosis is nearly equal to hemorrhage.Appropriate laboratory tests can better assess the coagulation status of children with PALF and guide appropriate blood product transfusions to improve coagulation and reduce the risk of transfusion-related fluid overload and other adverse prognosis.

High Titer Inhibitor-Acquired Hemophilia A Treated With Human FVIII Concentrate in Limited Resource: A Case Report

@#Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare condition that affects one in a million people each year, and there are not many diagnostics or therapeutic agents available for treatment due to its rarity. This is a case report of a 61-year-old woman who presented with a spontaneous subcutaneous hematoma and multiple extensive bruises in her extremities. There was no prior history of bleeding disorders, and the laboratory results showed an isolated aPTT prolongation with no correction after mixing studies, and a reduction in FVIII activity level along with a high FVIII inhibitor titer (928BU). Furthermore, the diagnosis of idiopathic AHA was made after other secondary causes had been ruled out, and the patient received human FVIII concentrate instead of bypassing agents due to its availability. The patient still experienced clinical improvement despite using this alternative. AHA is currently managed using both hemostasis agents and inhibitor eradication, and they come with several limitations. Human FVIII concentrate therapy is still an option in situations with limited resources, even though it is not recommended in patients with high inhibitor titer levels.